Altered immunity in individuals with autism
Researchers have observed differences in the immune system of individuals with autism, including changes in things like cytokines, immunoglobulins, inflammation and how cells are activated. They have also noticed alterations in various immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, in people with autism. When these cells are stimulated, the ones from individuals with autism don’t always work as effectively in fighting off threats.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)
One cytokine associated with autism is called macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). MIF is an immune regulator that promotes inflammation and is consistently present in brain tissues. It plays crucial roles in influencing both neural and endocrine systems. This cytokine is produced by tissues involved in both the nervous system and the immune system. Additionally, macrophage migration inhibitory factor acts as an antagonist to glucocorticoids in the immune system and plays a role in regulating various endocrine circuits.
- People with autism show elevated levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in their blood.
- Those with autism who had the highest levels of MIF in their blood exhibited the most severe behavioral symptoms.
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor plays a crucial role in the body’s response to microbial infections and is involved in various autoimmune diseases.
- The expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor is typically constant at low levels.